![]() The extremely tight latency requirements of the latest multimedia application render impossible having retransmission mechanisms (ARQ) or access to accurate channel estimations. Since end-users’ demands for multimedia content are diverse, and users interact with the content differently, multimedia communication systems consider users’ behavior and employ cloud/edge/fog/device caching and computation facilities to allow content reuse. The realization that consumers of visual data can be machines has initiated discussion regarding the definition of task-oriented quality metrics. Various quality of experience (QoE) metrics (also known as quality factors) have been proposed considering not only the quality of the delivered videos but also parameters such as frame skipping, stalling, and so forth, and the fact that consumers may request the same data but consume them differently. This has led to new video coding standards for encoding visual data for humans (HEVC, VVC) or machines (MPEG activity on Video Coding for Machines), novel multimedia formats like point clouds, and support of higher resolutions by the latest displays (digital theatre). These undergoing transformative changes have been the driving force of research in both multimedia coding and multimedia communication. Further, most of these visual data are not expected to be watched, but will be processed by a machine, necessitating the consideration of goal-oriented coding and communication. The above use cases face unique challenges as they involve not only the communication of huge amounts of data, for example, an intelligent vehicle may require the communication of 750 MB of data per second, with the vast majority of them being visual data, but they also have ultra-low latency requirements. Another example is visual communication systems that are commonly deployed in smart cities mainly for surveillance, improving the quality of life, and environmental monitoring. An important example is intelligent transportation systems (ITS), where visual sensors are installed in vehicles to improve safety through autonomous driving. Image and video data in various formats is an essential component of numerous future use cases. ![]() ![]() AR/VR/XR systems have transformed the way we interact with the data and will soon become the main means of communication. For example, Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality/eXtended Reality (AR/VR/XR) is now widely used in education, entertainment, military training, and so forth, although this was considered a utopia only a few years ago. During the past few years, we have witnessed an unprecedented change in the way multimedia data are generated and consumed as well as the wide adaptation of image/video in an increasing number of driving applications. ![]()
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